Organic chemistry is a peculiar discipline within the subject of chemistry. It is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds which, by definition contain carbon. These compounds are molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen, and may include other elements as well. A lot of organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, and more rarely phosphorus or sulfur.
Organic In General
Organic chemistry is a peculiar discipline within the subject of chemistry. It is the scientific study of the structure,
properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds which, by definition contain carbon. These compounds are molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen, and may include other elements as well. A lot of organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, and more rarely phosphorus or sulphur. These structurally diverse compounds are important constituents of, many products including plastics, drugs, petrochemicals, food, explosives, and paints. They form the basis of almost all earthly life processes (with very few exceptions).
Characterization
When it comes to characterization of organic compounds, many a time they exist as mixtures, a number of methods have been evolved to assess purity, especially chromatography techniques like HPLC and gas chromatography. Whereas, traditional techniques of separation comprises distillation, crystallization, and solvent extraction. Earlier, these compounds were conventionally characterized by several chemical tests, known as wet methods, however such tests have been majorly displaced by spectroscopic or other computer-intensive techniques of analysis. Mentioned below are some of the analytical methods:
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
It is a commonly used method. Generally, it allows complete assignment of atom connectivity and even stereochemistry using correlation spectroscopy.
Elemental analysis
A devastating technique is used to ascertain the elemental composition of a molecule.
Mass spectrometry
It shows the molecular weight of a compound and, from the fragmentation structures, its design. Usually high resolution mass spectrometry can identify the direct formula of a compound and is utilized instead of elemental analysis. In the early stages, mass spectrometry was limited to neutral molecules displaying some volatility, although modern ionization techniques permit one to acquire the mass spec of virtually any organic compound.
Crystallography
It is an unequivocal technique for decisive molecular geometry, the proviso being that single crystals of the material should be available and the crystal necessity be representative of the sample. Extremely advanced software let a structure be determined within hours of acquiring a appropriate crystal.
Properties
Melting and boiling properties
In contrast with several inorganic materials, organic compounds particularly melt and many boil. In earlier times, the melting point (m.p.) and boiling point (b.p.) provided decisive information on the purity and identity of organic compounds. The melting and boiling points generally correlate with the polarity of the molecules and their molecular weight. Some organic compounds, typically symmetrical ones, sublime, they evaporate without even melting. One of the well known examples of a sublimable organic compound is para-dichlorobenzene, the odiferous constituent of modern mothballs.
Solubility
Usually neutral organic compounds tend to be hydrophobic, that is why they are less soluble in water than in organic solvents. Although exceptions are still there including organic compounds which contain ionizable groups as well as low molecular weight alcohols, amines, and carboxylic acids, where hydrogen bonding occurs.
Solid state properties
Different specific properties of molecular crystals and organic polymers with conjugated systems are of interest based on applications, for instance thermo-mechanical and electro-mechanical like piezoelectricity, electrical conductivity, and electro-optical properties. For historical grounds, such kind of properties are majorly the subjects of the areas of polymer science and materials science.
