Jiujitsu, once a niche martial art practiced primarily by Japanese military personnel and dedicated martial arts enthusiasts, has surged in global popularity, largely due to its prominence in mixed martial arts (MMA) competitions. This ancient "soft-style" martial art, known for its strategic grappling and submission techniques, has been spotlighted by fighters in high-profile events like the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). The Gracie family, notable practitioners of Brazilian Jiujitsu, have played a pivotal role in introducing this combat style to a broader audience, demonstrating its effectiveness in overcoming opponents in the ring.
Jiujitsu, which translates to "the art of softness" in Japanese, is a martial art that emphasizes using an opponent's energy against them rather than direct confrontation. Originating during Japan's feudal era, it was developed by Samurai warriors to incapacitate armed and armored adversaries where striking techniques were ineffective. The art incorporates throws, pins, joint locks, and grappling, tailored to neutralize opponents through leverage and technique rather than brute force.
Before being collectively known as Jiujitsu in the 17th century, the techniques were referred to by various names such as kogusoku, koshi no mawari, kumiuchi, torite, taijutsu, and wajutsu, each representing different aspects of the martial art. Jiujitsu's adaptability has led to numerous derivatives, the most famous being Judo, developed by Kano Jigoro in the late 19th century. Judo, an Olympic sport known as "the gentle way," focuses primarily on throws and submissions.
Brazilian Jiujitsu (BJJ), adapted from early Kodokan judo, is particularly noted for its ground fighting techniques. It emphasizes submissions via joint locks and chokeholds, aiming to immobilize an opponent to the point of submission. Unlike traditional Jiujitsu, BJJ training typically does not involve striking, focusing instead on grappling and controlling opponents through superior positioning.
In BJJ competitions, matches are often decided by submissions, where an opponent may tap out, signaling surrender, or become incapacitated through joint locks or choke-induced unconsciousness. This form of Jiujitsu has proven highly effective in MMA, where adaptability and control are crucial.
Some traditional Jiujitsu schools (ryu) incorporate weapons training into their curriculum. Historical weapons such as the tanto (Japanese dagger), ryufundo kusari (weighted chain), kabuto wari (helmet smasher), and various disguised weapons (kakushi buki) were integral to early Jiujitsu training. Although less common today, some aspects of weapon training persist, particularly in ceremonial or classical practice settings. Japanese police training still includes elements of hojutsu, using the hojo cord to restrain suspects, a technique derived from historical Jiujitsu practices.
The global spread of Jiujitsu has been remarkable, with dojos (training halls) established worldwide. According to the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation, there are now thousands of registered black belts across continents, reflecting the art's broad adoption and adaptation in various cultures (IBJJF). This growth is supported by a thriving competition scene and a community that values both physical fitness and mental discipline.
Jiujitsu continues to evolve, bridging traditional martial arts and modern combat sports, offering a unique blend of physical challenge and strategic depth that attracts practitioners from all walks of life. Its rise from obscurity to mainstream acceptance underscores its effectiveness and the universal appeal of its underlying philosophy: maximum efficiency with minimal effort.
