Garlic cultivation is on the rise, favored by both culinary enthusiasts and health-conscious individuals. This pungent herb is not only a flavor powerhouse but also boasts numerous health benefits. In the Mid-South, gardeners are discovering the joys and rewards of growing garlic, which is surprisingly simple to cultivate. Each clove planted can yield a full bulb containing 8 to 20 cloves. Beyond its culinary uses, garlic serves as an excellent companion plant, enhancing the growth and health of nearby plants like roses and raspberries, while repelling pests such as Japanese beetles and aphids.
Before you begin your garlic-growing journey, it's crucial to choose the right variety. Supermarket garlic often contains anti-sprouting chemicals, so it's best to source your bulbs from a trusted nursery or seed supplier. In the Mid-South, 'Elephant' garlic is a popular choice due to its large cloves and mild flavor.
When selecting garlic, you'll encounter two main types: hardneck (Allium sativum var. ophioscorodon) and softneck (Allium sativum var. sativum). Hardneck varieties are known for their robust flavor and are typically more cold-hardy, while softneck varieties are milder and store better. A half-pound of garlic seed is sufficient to start about 15 plants.
The ideal soil for garlic is loamy with a pH of 6.5 to 7.0. If your soil isn't up to par or you live in a wet climate, consider using a raised bed. Enriching the soil with composted manure a few weeks before planting will provide essential nutrients for your garlic.
Planting should be done in wide rows, about 10 to 12 inches apart. Timing is crucial; planting in the fall allows garlic to mature by the following summer, resulting in larger bulbs. If you missed the fall window, you can still plant in the spring, but expect smaller bulbs. Garlic thrives in cool weather, so the earlier you plant, the better the growth and bulb size.
Garlic is relatively disease-resistant, but good air circulation is vital for plant health. If thrips become an issue, insecticidal soap can be an effective treatment. In colder climates, add extra mulch a month after planting to protect against temperature fluctuations. As growth resumes in late winter, pull back the mulch and start monthly applications of organic fertilizer, such as blood meal or fish emulsion. Fertilizing should cease in mid to late spring, and mulching should resume as summer nears.
Garlic typically matures in about 100 days when planted in the spring. Harvest times vary from late May in warmer climates to mid-August in cooler regions. Cease watering two weeks before harvesting. A sign that garlic is ready for harvest is when the lower half of the plant's leaves turn brown. Carefully dig up the bulbs to avoid damaging the outer skins.
Allow the harvested garlic to cure in a dry, shaded, well-ventilated area for three days without washing. If you have softneck varieties, this is the time to braid them for storage. After braiding, let the bulbs cure for an additional 2 to 3 weeks until the foliage is completely dry. Clean the bulbs by wiping or peeling away the outer husk, then trim the tops to 1 inch and roots to 1/2 inch.
Store garlic bulbs in mesh bags or braided strings in a dark, cool place. Properly stored garlic can last up to three months at temperatures between 32 degrees Fahrenheit and room temperature, with a humidity level of 65 to 70 percent. Avoid refrigeration, as it can cause sprouting.
Factors that can lead to small bulbs or no bulbing include high temperatures, excessive watering, choosing the wrong variety for your climate, and competition from weeds. Consult your local extension service for advice on the best varieties for your area.
Growing garlic can be a rewarding experience for both you and your garden. With a variety of options available through online catalogs, local extension services, and garden centers, you can find the perfect garlic to suit your taste and climate.
For more detailed information on garlic varieties and their suitability for different climates, the University of California Cooperative Extension and the Mississippi State University Extension Service offer valuable resources.
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