Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are synthetic substances that mimic the effects of natural plant hormones, playing a crucial role in the cultivation of crops, including watermelons. These regulators, which include auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, and brassinosteroids, are instrumental in improving various aspects of plant development, from seed germination to fruit enlargement. This article delves into the specifics of how PGRs are utilized in watermelon production, the benefits they offer, and the safety regulations surrounding their use.
During the nursery stage, watermelon seeds are often treated with gibberellic acid, a type of gibberellin, to enhance germination rates and uniformity. This is particularly useful when environmental conditions are not ideal. To prevent the issue of "tall seedlings" or leggy seedlings, growth inhibitors are sometimes applied when temperature or humidity levels are not conducive to healthy growth. However, if seed quality is high and environmental conditions are favorable, the use of PGRs may not be necessary.
After transplanting watermelons to the field, cytokinin-based PGRs become the primary focus, particularly Forchlorfenuron (1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-3-phenyl urea), also known as CPPU or KT-30. Watermelons, being cross-pollinated crops, require pollination before fruiting. In early spring cultivation, adverse weather conditions can lead to reduced male flower opening, low pollen viability, and difficulties with artificial pollination. CPPU treatment can address these issues by promoting fruit set at a low cost and with high efficiency, making it a valuable tool in watermelon production.
CPPU is recognized for its ability to induce parthenocarpy (fruit development without fertilization), enhance fruit set rates, and promote fruit enlargement in watermelons. Due to these benefits, CPPU is often referred to as a "fructify drug." Numerous studies have reported on the positive impact of CPPU on watermelon growth and development.
Globally, pesticides, including PGRs, are subject to a registration system. Only those that have been rigorously reviewed for environmental and human health safety by government agencies are allowed on the market. For instance, the United States approved Forchlorfenuron for use on grapes and kiwifruit in September 2004, recognizing its benefits in fruit enlargement, increased fruit set, higher yields, and extended storage time without compromising fruit quality.
In Japan, CPPU is commonly used to improve the yield and quality of various fruits, including kiwifruit, grapes, pears, watermelons, melons, and pumpkins. Different countries have established maximum residue limits (MRLs) for CPPU, with Japan setting it at 0.1mg/kg, while Australia, Israel, the USA, and New Zealand have a limit of 0.01mg/kg. The European Union, Switzerland, and South Korea have set their MRLs at 0.05mg/kg, and China has aligned with Japan at 0.1mg/kg for watermelons.
Research into the residue analysis of CPPU in watermelon cultivation has shown that Forchlorfenuron dissipates relatively quickly, with a half-life of 1.2-1.67 days. By the time of harvest (40 days post-application), no residues are detected in the fruit or soil, indicating that when used at recommended doses, CPPU is safe for watermelon cultivation.
While the use of PGRs in agriculture is widespread, some interesting statistics and facts often go unnoticed. For example, the global plant growth regulators market size was valued at USD 5.1 billion in 2020 and is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.2% from 2021 to 2028, according to Grand View Research. This growth is attributed to the increasing demand for organic food products and the need for enhanced crop productivity.
Furthermore, the application of PGRs can lead to a significant reduction in the use of fertilizers and pesticides, contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices. As the world grapples with food security and environmental concerns, the role of PGRs in agriculture is becoming increasingly important.
For more detailed information on plant growth regulators and their impact on agriculture, you can visit authoritative sources such as the National Pesticide Information Center and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Source: Grand View Research, National Pesticide Information Center, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
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