The Genesis and Evolution of Music in India

Mythological Beginnings

In Indian mythology, the genesis of sound and music is often linked to divine phenomena. The concept of Naadbrahma signifies the primordial sound that pervades the universe. Another myth associates the origin of sound and dance with the Tandava of Shiva and the sacred syllable Om (Onkar). It is said that the sage Narada brought the art of music from the heavens to Earth. Initially, music in India was primarily devotional, used in temples for religious and ritualistic purposes. Over time, it evolved in conjunction with folk music and other indigenous forms, developing its unique characteristics.

Vedic Roots and Early References

The history of Indian music can be traced back to the Vedic period. The concept of Naadbrahma was prevalent during these times. Organized music finds its earliest roots in the Samaveda, which contains the oldest known form of structured music. The first reference to music is found in the works of Panini around 500 BCE, and the earliest mention of musical theory appears in the Rikpratisakhya around 400 BCE.

Key Historical Texts

1. Natyashastra by Bharata (4th century CE): This seminal work contains several chapters on music, dividing it into octaves and twenty-two keys.
2. Dattilam: This text also mentions the existence of twenty-two shrutis (microtones) per octave, which are considered the only ones producible by humans.
3. Brihaddesi by Matanga (9th century CE): This work attempts to define the concept of Raga.
4. Sangeeta Makaranda by Narada (11th century CE): This text enumerates ninety-three Ragas, classifying them into masculine and feminine types.
5. Swaramela Kalanidhi by Ramamatya (16th century CE) and Chaturdandi Prakasika by Venkata Makhin (17th century CE): These texts further elaborate on the musical theories and practices of their times.

Evolution Through Historical Periods

Late Vedic Period (3000 - 1200 BCE)

During this era, music existed in the form of Samgana, which involved chanting verses in musical patterns. This period laid the foundation for the future development of Indian music.

Post-Vedic Period

After the Vedic period, music began to evolve. The epics were narrated in musical tones known as Jatigan. Between the 2nd and 7th centuries CE, a form of music called Prabandha Sangeet, written in Sanskrit, gained popularity. This form eventually gave rise to Dhruvapad, which used Hindi as its medium.

Gupta Period

The Gupta period (4th to 6th centuries CE) is often considered the golden era of Indian music. During this time, music flourished and saw significant advancements in both theory and practice.

Interesting Statistics

• Global Influence: Indian classical music has influenced various global music genres, including jazz and Western classical music. Source: The Guardian
• Raga System: There are over 5000 documented Ragas in Indian classical music, each with its unique structure and emotional expression. Source: India Today
• Ancient Instruments: The oldest known musical instrument in India is the Harappan flute, dating back to around 2500 BCE. Source: National Geographic

Conclusion

The history of music in India is a testament to its rich cultural heritage and its profound impact on the world. From its mythological origins to its evolution through various historical periods, Indian music has continually adapted and thrived, leaving an indelible mark on global music traditions.

By understanding the genesis and evolution of Indian music, we gain a deeper appreciation for its complexity and its enduring legacy.