Solar panel battery wiring is something that you will need to perform for your solar powered system to start charging your battery. Different types of wiring (parallel and series) will produce different results. Wiring something in parallel will increase the amperage of the system, while wiring in series will increase the voltage. To boost both, you will need to wire the system both, in series and parallel.
Depending on your needs, you may have to use some or all of the following tools and materials: solar panel(s), 12V "car battery" (deep-cycle lead-acid battery), diodes, insulated wire, wire cutters, pliers, wrenches, and screwdrivers.
Let's imagine that you bought a solar panel with a certain maximum output voltage and certain amperage. Now you need to hook it up to a battery. All batteries have specific amp ratings. You will need to determine how many panels will charge your battery adequately.
Once you do the calculations, you will need to either connect the panels straight to the battery, or use a diode in between. It is better to use a diode between your cell(s) and the battery, especially in the systems larger than 12V. If you do not use a diode, your battery may discharge at night. What diode will you need to use? You need a diode of the same (or more) amps as your panel.
3 Solar Panel Battery Wiring Samples
1. Connecting Solar Panel and Battery (Without a Diode):
- Panel's "plus" to battery's "plus".
- Panel’s "minus" to battery's "minus".
2. Connecting Several Panels in Parallel (for more power), and then to a Battery:
- Each panel's "plus" to other panel's "plus", and so on.
- Each panel's "minus" to other panel's "minus", and so on.
- The last panel's wires to the battery (follow the two steps from the 1st example).
To calculate the total amperage of your array, add the amp outputs together. Voltage stays the same.
3. Connecting Solar Panel, Diode, and Battery:
- Panel's "plus" to diode's "in".
- Diode's "out" (the end with a black or silvered line) to battery's "plus".
- Panel's "minus" to battery's "minus".
Notes about Solar Panel Battery Wiring:
1. Remember, going below the battery's voltage will not charge the battery fully.
2. Note that a diode will decrease the voltage.
3. Some lead-acid batteries may need a regulator providing certain voltage in order to leave them on forever, without an overcharge damaging the battery. Otherwise you will need to switch your battery off manually when it's fully charged.
When your solar panel starts to produce energy, this energy can either dissipate or be diverted into a battery for your future needs. Many people choose to use systems with batteries, which allow for a power backup. You can also use batteries for your outdoor equipment (golf carts, tractors, motor boats) and various portable devices (laptops, cameras, cell phones, electric fans).
However, remember that you don't necessarily need to use batteries in your home system. You can have the energy generated by the panels fed into the grid, thus eliminating the need for any batteries.
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