Ensuring a balanced diet is crucial during pregnancy, as an expectant mother shares all nutrients she consumes with her unborn child. This article delves into the nutritional requirements, substances to avoid, common problems, and the overall importance of a healthy diet during pregnancy.
Pregnant women are generally advised to consume an additional 200 to 300 calories per day to support the growth and development of their baby. This translates to a recommended weight gain of at least 25 pounds by the end of the pregnancy. Typically, weight gain is minimal during the first trimester but increases steadily by about one pound per week during the second and third trimesters.
According to the National Academy of Sciences, pregnant women need significantly more protein than non-pregnant women. The recommended daily intake increases by 30 grams, which can be met by consuming four cups of milk or yogurt, or four ounces of natural cheese, canned tuna, or chicken. Additionally, a 25-50% increase in most vitamins and minerals is recommended.
Due to the doubling of blood volume during pregnancy, extra iron is essential for producing healthy red blood cells. Iron supplements, typically 30-60 milligrams per day, are often prescribed to prevent anemia, which can increase susceptibility to infections and illnesses. Most doctors also recommend multi-vitamin and mineral supplements, including folic acid and calcium, especially in the last trimester.
Vegetarians may require additional supplements such as zinc, chromium, and vitamin B12. However, any vitamin and mineral supplements should only be taken under a doctor's supervision.
All medications, whether prescription or over-the-counter, should be taken only under a doctor's supervision. Certain drugs, including steroidal hormones, barbiturates, amphetamines, and tranquilizers, can be harmful to the fetus. Non-prescription drugs like aspirin and those containing iodine should also be avoided.
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism advises pregnant women to avoid alcohol completely, as even small amounts can lead to physical deformities, brain damage, and growth problems in the baby. Excessive caffeine consumption, found in coffee, tea, cola, and chocolate, may also pose risks and should be limited.
Smoking during pregnancy is linked to low birth weights, increased rates of infant death, miscarriage, and other complications. Women who smoke should consider quitting or significantly reducing their intake. The effects of smoking marijuana during pregnancy are not well-studied, but it is known to affect various body systems and may pose risks to the fetus.
Nausea during the early months of pregnancy can often be managed by eating hard candy or crackers upon waking and consuming small, frequent meals throughout the day.
Constipation can be alleviated by increasing the intake of fresh fruits, vegetables, and fluids. Diarrhea, though less common, can be managed by eating binding foods like rice and dry toast.
Heartburn, common in the later stages of pregnancy, can be relieved by drinking milk before meals and sleeping with the head of the bed elevated. Severe or persistent symptoms should be discussed with a doctor.
A balanced diet is vital for the health of both the pregnant woman and her baby. Most expectant mothers should consume an additional 200-300 calories of nutritious foods daily and aim for a weight gain of at least 25 pounds by term. Vitamin and mineral supplements, particularly iron and folic acid, are often prescribed to meet increased nutritional needs. Pregnant women should avoid smoking, alcohol, excessive caffeine, and self-medication, consulting their doctor for any medical concerns.
By following these guidelines and consulting healthcare providers, expectant mothers can significantly improve their health and the health of their babies.
Hospitalization - Admission Procedures
The procedures you follow on admission to a hospital vary from one hospital to another, but basically the process is the same in most institutions in the United States.
Care of the Dying - Role of Friends
The friend can show appreciation of the work being done by the family and offer to stay with the patient if the family needs a little time away from home.
Care of the Dying - Death of an Older Child or an Adolescent
From the age of three years onward, a child begins to understand the concept of death and dying. The dying child feels protective toward his or her parents. Although the child desperately needs to talk about what is going to happen, he or she may never get close to the subject. The child may attach himself or herself to a nurse or physician while still relying on the parents. By doing this, the child is sharing the emotional responsibility. The parents may find this difficult to accept, but must realize that someone else can perhaps give more help by listening dispassionately to the child's fears and anxieties.
