Lighting candles on Friday evening is a deeply rooted tradition in Judaism, marking the beginning of Shabbat, the Jewish Sabbath. This ritual, rich in history and spiritual significance, serves not only to enhance the sanctity and tranquility of Shabbat but also connects the Jewish community to its ancient past.
The tradition of lighting candles on Shabbat is believed to have originated during the late Second Temple period, attributed to the Pharisees. According to the first-century Jewish historian Josephus, this practice was not only prevalent among Jews but had also spread to non-Jewish communities. The Tannaim, early rabbinic sages, discussed this practice extensively, focusing on details such as suitable wicks and oils, indicating its established role in Jewish life by the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods.
While the Hebrew Bible does not explicitly command the lighting of candles for Shabbat, it prohibits kindling a fire on Shabbat itself (Exodus 35:3). This implies the necessity of lighting a fire before Shabbat begins. Over time, this evolved into the lighting of candles, with the "Shulchan Aruch" (Code of Jewish Law) later codifying it as a woman's obligation, primarily falling to the man if no woman is present.
The practice typically involves lighting at least two candles, symbolizing the dual commandments of "zachor" (remember) and "shamor" (observe) the Sabbath, as mentioned in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5, respectively. This duality underscores the comprehensive nature of Shabbat observance, encompassing both remembrance and active observance.
During the lighting, a special blessing, or "bracha," is recited: "Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to kindle the lights of Shabbat." In some traditions, women also add a personal prayer for the health and prosperity of their families, reflecting the ritual's role in fostering a sense of community and continuity among generations.
The candles must be lit before sunset, marking the beginning of Shabbat. The materials for the wick and oil are specified, with only kosher types allowed. The light from these candles should illuminate the Shabbat meal, and benefits such as reading by this light are traditionally discussed and regulated.
Rabbinic authorities have debated whether lighting the candles or performing the "Kiddush" (a sanctification prayer over wine) signifies the actual beginning of Shabbat. Some also view the recitation of Psalm 92, a song for the Sabbath day, as marking its start.
Today, the lighting of Shabbat candles remains a widespread practice among Jewish communities worldwide, symbolizing the ushering in of peace and sanctity for the Sabbath. It serves as a reminder of the ancient origins of Jewish customs and the enduring nature of Jewish religious life.
Interestingly, a survey by the Pew Research Center indicates that 23% of American Jews report strictly observing Shabbat, which includes practices like candle lighting. This ritual not only enhances the spiritual atmosphere but also significantly impacts Jewish identity and community cohesion.
In conclusion, the lighting of candles on Friday nights is a cornerstone of Jewish religious practice, rich in historical, spiritual, and practical significance. It not only marks the beginning of Shabbat but also connects individuals to their community and heritage, serving as a weekly reminder of their shared traditions and values.
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