Covered Bridges - Discovering A North American Living History

The Origins and Evolution of Covered Bridges

Covered bridges made their debut in the United States around 1805, but their lineage can be traced back to ancient China and medieval Europe. In Europe, countries like Switzerland, Austria, and Germany were once dotted with hundreds of these structures. However, it was in the Northeastern United States that the design and construction of wooden covered bridges truly flourished during the 19th century. This was a result of a perfect storm: the need for sturdy crossings over the numerous rivers and streams, the availability of old-growth forests, and the innovative spirit of the American people.

Why the Northeast Became a Hub for Covered Bridges

The Northeastern U.S. is a tapestry of rivers, streams, and creeks. As the population expanded inland from the coast, communities naturally formed around these water sources, which were vital for powering mills. To connect these burgeoning towns, bridges became essential. But why were they covered? The answer lies in the harsh weather conditions of the region. In New England, for example, covered wooden bridges could last up to three times longer than their uncovered counterparts, significantly reducing maintenance needs. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was rare to see a bridge that wasn't covered.

Fascinating Facts and Figures

Historical records suggest that the first covered bridge in America was The Permanent Bridge, completed in 1805 in Pennsylvania, designed by Timothy Palmer, a New England native. The longest covered bridge on record is The Hartland in New Brunswick, Canada, stretching 1,282 feet across the Saint John River.

Madison County, Iowa, is home to perhaps the most famous covered bridges, thanks to Robert James Waller’s novel and the subsequent movie, "The Bridges of Madison County." Once numbering 19, only six of these iconic structures remain today, underscoring that the presence of covered bridges extends beyond the Northeast.

A curious detail about these bridges is their often red exterior. Historians believe this color choice was practical: it made the bridges resemble barns, which helped calm horses that were hesitant to cross over flowing water.

The Changing Face of the Covered Bridge in North America

As the 20th century progressed, bridge construction evolved, and metal truss bridges became the preferred choice due to their strength, ease of construction, and cost-effectiveness. This shift led to the decline of wooden covered bridges, with only about 800 remaining for enthusiasts to admire. While many still support traffic, most are preserved for their historical value and as tourist attractions.

Where to View Covered Bridges

Pennsylvania and Vermont boast the highest number of covered bridges, with these two states alone accounting for over a third of the surviving structures. Self-guided tours are popular in New England, particularly in Vermont and New Hampshire, where bridges are often located near other attractions.

For enthusiasts, the thrill lies in the hunt for these hidden gems, as many are situated off the beaten path, away from major highways. Beyond their photogenic appeal, experts recommend appreciating the design and craftsmanship of the bridges, noting that the timbers used in authentic bridges were sourced from virgin forests with trees reaching heights of 100 feet.

As you encounter a genuine covered bridge, remember that it was built with a simple purpose: to connect communities. Yet, it stands as a legacy of the skilled craftsmen who left behind a rich heritage for future generations to cherish. These woodworking masterpieces are enduring symbols of the pioneering spirit that defined both the U.S. and Canada in the 19th century.

For more information on the history and significance of covered bridges, you can visit the National Society for the Preservation of Covered Bridges or explore the Covered Bridge Map for locations and details on bridges across North America.