Mastering the art of autorotation is a critical skill for helicopter pilots, providing a safe method to land during engine failure. Although engine and tail rotor malfunctions are exceedingly rare, proficiency in autorotations is essential for pilot safety. This guide delves into the nuances of executing a basic autorotation, ensuring that pilots are well-prepared for this vital maneuver.
Autorotation is the helicopter's ability to glide during unpowered flight, a technique that is extensively practiced during pilot training. Despite its rarity in actual flight scenarios, with engine failures occurring in only about 0.003 per 1,000 flight hours according to the U.S. Helicopter Safety Team, autorotation remains a fundamental skill for every helicopter pilot.
To begin an autorotation, follow these steps:
Establish Straight and Level Flight: Aim for a speed between 70-100 knots and an altitude of 2,000 feet above ground level (AGL). Observe the horizon's position relative to the windscreen to set your visual reference point. After initiating autorotation, count to three before shifting your focus to the instruments.
Lower the Collective Lever: Quickly and fully lower the collective lever, the primary action in autorotation. Once it reaches the bottom, slightly raise it by about 2.5cm (1") to prevent rotor overspeed. As you adjust the collective, the helicopter's nose may pitch down and yaw left due to airflow changes—counteract these movements with the cyclic and pedals.
Adjust the Cyclic: As the collective is lowered, use the cyclic to slightly raise the nose, aiding in rotor RPM restoration and decelerating the helicopter to the autorotation speed, typically 60-70 knots.
Pedal Input: Apply sufficient right pedal to counteract the left yaw and maintain the helicopter's heading. This step is crucial due to the significant reduction in torque.
During autorotation, focus on three primary instruments:
Maintain a steady helicopter speed to keep rotor RPM stable. If airspeed deviates from the target, smoothly adjust the cyclic to correct it without causing rotor overspeed or underspeed. Always prioritize external visual references over instruments to maintain proper attitude and airspeed.
Recovery from autorotation involves the instructor reintroducing power to the rotor system. When instructed, smoothly raise the collective to the normal climb setting for your helicopter model. Always check for traffic, particularly above, and monitor engine temperatures and pressures during recovery.
For a more in-depth understanding of helicopter autorotations and training, visit authoritative sources such as the Helicopter Association International or the Federal Aviation Administration.
Autorotation is a testament to the helicopter's unique aerodynamic capabilities. While the maneuver is not common in everyday flight, its mastery is a testament to a pilot's skill and preparedness for emergency situations. By adhering to the steps outlined above and maintaining situational awareness, pilots can ensure a safe and controlled descent in the unlikely event of an engine failure.
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