Feminism and Social Capital

The Interplay of Social Capital and Gender

Social capital, a concept that includes the networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit, is deeply intertwined with gender dynamics. According to the World Bank, social capital is crucial for economic development and societal well-being (World Bank). However, the influence of social capital on gender rights is often overlooked.

Gendered Social Capital

Gender significantly shapes social capital. Women are more likely to be promoted in environments where other women are already present. This phenomenon, partly due to the 'sex-typing' of jobs, also stems from same-sex alliances. The so-called 'glass ceiling' might be more accurately described as a 'glass door,' which women can only open if other women have previously done so.

Gendered Habitus

The combination of social and cultural capital forms a 'gendered habitus'—a set of dispositions that guide behavior and decision-making. This habitus is asymmetrical, with society prioritizing masculine traits over feminine ones. This bias affects not only women but also men who exhibit feminine behaviors, such as gay men, who are often perceived as less than 'real men.'

Economic Vulnerability and Gender

The symbolic hierarchy that places masculinity above femininity has tangible economic consequences. Women are disproportionately represented in low-status, low-pay, part-time jobs. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), women and their children constitute the most economically disadvantaged group globally (ILO).

Class and Gender Domination

The opportunities for women to resist or submit to gender domination vary according to their social class. While the experience of being a woman differs across classes, it remains distinct from that of men. Despite cultural variations in the gendered division of labor, all societies use gender to structure social relations. This 'gendered' cultural capital is a prerequisite for all other forms of capital.

Asymmetrical Gender Capital

Men and women possess asymmetrically opposed gender capital. Men are generally more successful in converting their gender capital into other forms of capital—social, embodied, institutional, and ultimately economic. This disparity underscores the need for policies that address gender inequalities at their root.

Interesting Statistics

• Gender Pay Gap: Women earn 82 cents for every dollar earned by men in the United States (Pew Research Center).
• Leadership Representation: Only 29% of senior management roles globally are held by women (Grant Thornton).
• Economic Impact: Closing the gender gap in the workforce could add $28 trillion to global GDP by 2025 (McKinsey Global Institute).

Conclusion

The intricate relationship between social capital and gender reveals deep-seated inequalities that permeate various aspects of life. Addressing these disparities requires a multifaceted approach that considers the cultural, economic, and social dimensions of gender. By understanding and dismantling the symbolic hierarchies that prioritize masculinity, we can create a more equitable society for all.

This article has explored the complex interplay between social capital and gender, highlighting the need for systemic change to achieve gender equality. For further reading on the topic, consider exploring resources from the World Bank and the International Labour Organization.