Ovarian Cysts: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

What Are Ovarian Cysts?

Ovarian cysts are small, fluid-filled sacs that develop on or within an ovary. They are common and often harmless, with many women experiencing them at some point in their lives. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), most ovarian cysts are benign and resolve on their own without treatment.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

1. Functional Cysts: These are the most common type and are related to the menstrual cycle. They include:

   • Follicular Cysts: Form when the follicle does not release an egg.
   • Corpus Luteum Cysts: Develop after the follicle releases an egg and then seals off and fills with fluid.

2. Pathological Cysts: These are less common and can be benign or malignant. They include:

   • Dermoid Cysts: Contain tissue such as hair, skin, or teeth.
   • Endometriomas: Form due to endometriosis.
   • Cystadenomas: Develop from ovarian tissue and can be filled with a watery or mucous material.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts

While many ovarian cysts are asymptomatic, some can cause symptoms such as:

• Pelvic pain or discomfort
• Bloating or a feeling of fullness
• Pain during intercourse
• Irregular menstrual cycles
• Frequent urination if the cyst presses on the bladder

When to See a Doctor

Seek medical attention if you experience severe pelvic pain, fever, dizziness, or rapid breathing, as these could indicate a ruptured cyst or ovarian torsion, both of which require immediate medical intervention.

Diagnosis

Ovarian cysts are often discovered during routine pelvic exams. If a cyst is suspected, further diagnostic tests may include:

• Ultrasound: To determine the cyst's size, shape, and composition (fluid-filled, solid, or mixed).
• Blood Tests: To measure levels of CA-125, a protein that can be elevated in ovarian cancer, especially in postmenopausal women.

Treatment Options

Watchful Waiting

For many women, especially those who are asymptomatic, doctors may recommend a "watchful waiting" approach. This involves monitoring the cyst with periodic ultrasounds to see if it resolves on its own, which often happens within a few months.

Medications

• Oral Contraceptives: Birth control pills can help regulate the menstrual cycle and prevent the formation of new cysts. However, they are not effective in shrinking existing cysts.

Surgical Options

Surgery may be necessary if the cyst is large, persistent, or causing significant symptoms. Surgical options include:

• Laparoscopy: A minimally invasive procedure to remove the cyst.
• Laparotomy: A more extensive surgery used for larger cysts or when cancer is suspected.

Post-Menopausal Considerations

The risk of ovarian cancer increases after menopause. According to the National Cancer Institute, about 1.3% of women will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer at some point in their lives. Therefore, post-menopausal women with ovarian cysts may require more aggressive evaluation and treatment, including the possibility of a biopsy to rule out cancer.

Interesting Statistics

• Approximately 8% of premenopausal women develop large cysts that require treatment (source: Mayo Clinic).
• Functional cysts are the most common type, accounting for about 70% of all ovarian cysts (source: Johns Hopkins Medicine).

Conclusion

Ovarian cysts are a common gynecological issue that can range from harmless to requiring medical intervention. Understanding the types, symptoms, and treatment options can help women make informed decisions about their health. Always consult with a healthcare provider for personalized advice and treatment plans.

To Your Health!