The foot is the region of the lower limb that begins from the ankle joint.
Proximal group
Intermediate group
Navicular bone- It lies between the proximal and distal group of tarsal bonesDistal group
In the distal group from lateral to medial, we have one cuboid bone and three cuneiforms (lateral, intermediate, and medial) Metatarsal bones We have five metatarsal bones, they are numbered from one through five from medial to lateral. The head of the first metatarsal bone articulates with two sesamoid bones The sides of the bases of metatarsal bones (from two to five) articulate with each other The fifth metatarsal bone has a prominent tuberosity on its lateral side Phalanges These are the bones of toes. We have 14 phalanges in total, two in the great toe and 3 in each other toe Joints There are 33 joints in the foot Ankle joint It is a synovial hinge joint. It involves talus of tarsal bones and tibia fibula (bones of the leg region) Articular surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion are possible at this joint Intertarsal joint There are several intertarsal joints. These joints are synovial in nature The following movements are possible here • Inversion • Eversion • Supination • Pronation Transverse tarsal joint This joint is formed between talocalcaneonavicular and calcaneocuboid joint Muscles The muscles of the foot are arranged in two groups 1. Muscles of sole of the foot 2. Muscles of the dorsum of the foot There are four layers of the muscles of the sole of the foot First layer- Abductor hallucis, Flexor digitorium brevis, Abductor digiti minimi Second layer- Quadratus plantae, Lumbricals (4), Flexor digitorium longus tendon, Flexor hallucis longus tendon Third layer- Flexor digiti minimi brevis, Flexor hallucis brevis, Adductor hallucis Fourth layer- Interossei, Dorsal (4), Planter (3), Paroneus longus tendon, Tibialis posterior tendon Muscles of the dorsum of the foot This group has two muscles 1. Extensor hallucis brevis 2. Extensor digitorium brevis Tendons and ligaments Tendons and ligaments are very much similar to each other These are soft tissues made up of collagen fibers Ligaments attach muscles to muscles while tendons attach muscles to bones Tendons Achilles tendon or Calcaneal tendon It is an important tendon of the foot It is the tough band of fibrous tissue, it connects the calf muscles to the calcaneus (heel) bone The other tendons of the foot are listed below • The tendon of fibularis longus muscle • The tendon of fibularis brevis muscle • The tendon of tibialis posterior muscle Ligaments Some ligaments of the foot are listed below • Long plantar ligament • Lateral ligament • Anterior talofibular ligament • Medial deltoid ligament Blood supply Arteries The blood is supplied to the foot by the branches of two main arteries namely posterior tibial artery and dorsalis pedis Posterior Tibial Artery The posterior tibial artery bifurcates into lateral and medial plantar arteries by entering into the sole. Then the lateral plantar artery joins with the deep plantar artery (the terminal end of dorsalis pedis) and forms deep plantar arch whose branches supply the toes of the foot Dorsalis pedis artery The anterior tibial artery continues to form the dorsalis pedis artery. It enters into the dorsum of the foot and continues as the deep plantar artery and then enters in the sole of the foot by passing between the metatarsal one and two Veins There is an interconnected network of deep and superficial veins in the foot. Deep veins follow the course of arteries and superficial veins drain into the dorsal venous arch. The great saphenous vein and the small saphenous vein arise from the two sides of the dorsal venous arch. These two veins drain a large amount of blood of the foot Nerve supply There are five main nerves that innervate the foot namely 1. Tibial nerve 2. Deep fibular nerve 3. Superficial fibular nerve 4. Sural nerve 5. Saphenous nerve These five nerves are responsible for the cutaneous or general sensory innervation of the foot Read more about Foot AnatomyPremier Shore Fishing Destinations in Southern Ontario
Southern Ontario is a haven for anglers seeking the thrill of shore fishing. With its rich history dating back to the hunter-gatherer era, fishing has evolved from a survival skill to a beloved pastime. Today, Southern Ontario boasts a plethora of spots where fishing enthusiasts can enjoy the sport amidst nature's splendor. This article highlights some of the top shore fishing locations in the region, offering a mix of accessibility and the promise of a bountiful catch.Best Miniature Painting Tips And Tricks (Updated)
Miniature painting is a traditional style of painting. It is defined by detailed subjects on small-sized mediums, often smaller than 1/6th of the original size. Miniature painting traces its roots back to the medieval ages as illuminations, painted to have the smoothest surface. It is speculated that it was influenced by the medallions and pendants of Ancient Rome as well.The World's Priciest Feline Companions: A Look at Rare and Costly Cat Breeds
Discover the world of luxury felines with our comprehensive guide to the most expensive cat breeds from across the globe. These rare and often exotic cats come with a hefty price tag, reflecting their unique characteristics and the meticulous breeding required to maintain their lineage. From the regal Maine Coon to the exotic Ashera, these breeds are not only a pet lover's dream but also a significant investment.